The production of electricity by European nuclear power plants with various types of reactor installations in the period from 1995 to 2017 was considered. For each nuclear power plant in Europe, the median specific emission indicators of tritium and carbon-14 (GBq/GWh) were calculated. Depending on these indexes, all stations were divided into 3 types: with the best, stable and the worst emission practices. A conservative estimate of the contribution of various reactor facilities to the activity of tritium and carbon-14 in the atmosphere was made. To assess the activity of tritium and carbon-14 entering the atmosphere as a result of emissions from the research nuclear reactor an experimental stand was developed.

1. Indicators for Nuclear Power Development, Nuclear Energy Series No. NG-T-4.5, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 2015, pp. 3 – 4.
   Retrieved from: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1712_web.pdf
   Retrieved on: May 2, 2018
2. Environmental and Source Monitoring for Purposes of Radiation Protection, Safety Guide No. RS-G-1.8, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 2005, pp. 5 – 13.
   Retrieved from: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1216_web.pdf
   Retrieved on: May. 2, 2018
3. A. A. Ekidin, M. H. Zhukovskii, M. E. Vasyanovich, “Identification of the main dose-forming radionuclides in NPP emissions,” Atomic energy, vol. 120, no. 2, pp. 134 – 137, Jun. 2016.
   DOI: 10.1007/s10512-016-0107-x
4. М. Д. Пышкина, “Определение основных дозообразующих нуклидов в выбросах АЭС PWR и ВВЭР,” Биосферная совместимость: человек, регион, технологии, нo. 2 (18), стр. 98 – 107, 2017. (M. D. Pyshkina, “The determination of main dose-forming nuclides in NPP PWR and VVER releases,” Biosphernaya sovmestimost`: Chelovek, Region, Technologii, no. 2 (18), pp. 98 – 107, 2017.)
   Retrieved from: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_29435089_67 17971.pdf
   Retrieved on: May 2, 2018
5. Е. И. Назаров, A. A. Eкидин, A. В. Васильев, “Оценка поступления углерода-14 в атмосферу, обусловленного выбросами АЭС,” Известия высших учебных заведений. Физика, тoм 61, нo. 12 – 2, стр. 67 – 73, 2018. (E. I. Nazarov, A. A. Ekidin, A. V. Vasiljev, “Assessment of the atmospheric carbon-14 caused by NPP emissions,” Izvestiya Vuz. Fizika,) vol. 61, no. 12 – 2, pp. 67 – 73, 2018.
   Retrieved from: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=36888653
   Retrieved on: May 2, 2018
6. Carbon-14 and the environment, Radionuclide Fact Sheet, IRSN, Paris, France, 2010.
   Retrieved from: https://www.irsn.fr/EN/Research/publications-documentation/radionuclides-sheets/environment/Documents/Carbone _UK.pdf
   Retrieved on: Nov. 23, 2017
7. Investigation of the Environmental Fate of Tritium in the Atmosphere, Rep. INFO-0792, CNSC, Ottawa, Canada, 2009.
   Retrieved from: https://nuclearsafety.gc.ca/pubs_catalogue/uploads/Investigation_of_Environmental_Fate_of_Tritium_in_the_ Atmosphere_INFO-0792_e.pdf
   Retrieved on: Jan. 25, 2019.
8. Д. Д. Дмитриевич, A. A. Екидин, “Оценка поступления трития в окружающую среду от выбросов АЭС,” Биосферная совместимость: человек, регион, технологии, нo. 1 (21), стр. 88 – 96, 2018. (D. D. Desyatov, A. A. Ekidin, “Evaluation of tritium`s entry into the environment from nuclear power plants` emissions,” Biosphernaya sovmestimost`: Chelovek, Region, Technologii, no. 1 (21), pp. 88 – 96, 2018.)
   Retrieved from: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_34959688_70998513.pdf
   Retrieved on: Mar. 2, 2019
9. A. A. Екидин, К. Л. Антонов, М. В. Жуковский,
   “Оценка загрязнения атмосферы тритием при испарении воды с поверхности промышленных водоёмов,” Вопросы радиационной безопасности, нo. 3 (67), стр. 3 – 10, 2012. (A.A. Ekidin, K. L. Antonov, M. V. Zhukovskii, “Assessment of tritium air pollution due to water evaporation from the surface of industrial reservoirs,” Voprosy Radiatsionnoy Bezopasnosti, no. 3 (67), pp. 3 – 10, 2012.)
   Retrieved from: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18037186
   Retrieved on: Mar. 12, 2019
10. A. A. Екидин и др., “Оценка поступления трития в атмосферу из брызгальных бассейнов балаковской АЭС в холодный период,” Ядерная и радиационная безопасность, нo. 3 (85), стр. 35 – 46, 2017. (A. A. Ekidin et al., “Assessment of Tritium Escape into Atmosphere from the Spray Ponds of the Balakovo NPP in Cold Seasons,” Yadernaya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost`, no. 3 (85), pp. 35 – 46, 2017.)
    Retrieved from: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_30297016_17720315.pdf
    Retrieved on: Mar. 2, 2019
11. А. Г. Цикунов, В. В. Алексеев, С. В. Забродская, К. В. Тыклеева, “Источники образования трития в реакторах типа БН,” Вопросы атомной науки и техники. Серия: ядерно-реакторные константы, нo. 1, стр. 74 – 78, 2015. (A. G. Tsikunov, V. V. Alekseev, S. V. Zabrodskaya, K. V. Tykleeva, “Sources of tritium production in bn-type reactors,” Voprosy Atomnoy Nauki i Tekhniki. Seriya: Yaderno-Reaktornyye Konstanty, no. 1, pp. 74 – 78, 2015.)
    Retrieved from: https://vant.ippe.ru/images/pdf/2015/1-9.pdf
    Retrieved on: Mar. 2, 2019
12. X. Hou, “Tritium and ¹⁴C in the Environment and Nuclear Facilities: Sources and Analytical Methods,” J. Nucl. Fuel Cycle Waste Technol., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 11 – 39, Mar. 2018.
    DOI: 10.7733/jnfcwt.2018.16.1.11
13. Radioactive Discharges Database, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, 2016.
    Retrieved from: http://europa.eu/radd/nuclideDischargeOverview.dox?pageID=NuclideDischargeOverview
    Retrieved on: Jan. 5, 2018
14. Power Reactor Information System, IAEA, Vienna, Austria.
    Retrieved from: https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/home.aspx
    Retrieved on: Jan. 5, 2018
15. S. S. Shapiro, M. B. Wilk, “An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples),” Biometrika, vol. 52, no 3/4. pp. 591 – 611, Dec. 1965.
    Retrieved from: http://www.bios.unc.edu/~mhudgens/bios/662/2008fall/Backup/wilkshapiro1965.pdf
    Retrieved on: Mar. 10, 2019
16. Encyclopedia of Mathematics: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, The European Mathematical Society, Helsinki, Finland, 2012.
    Retrieved from: https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Kolmogorov-Smirnov_test
    Retrieved on: Mar. 10, 2019
17. Encyclopedia of Mathematics: Spearman coefficient of rank correlation, The European Mathematical Society, Helsinki, Finland, 2012.
    Retrieved from: https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Spearman_coefficient_of_rank_correlation
    Retrieved on: Mar. 10, 2019
18. M. Vasyanovich et al., “Special monitoring results for determination of radionuclide composition of Russian NPP atmospheric releases,” Nucl. Eng. Technol., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 1176 – 1179, Jul. 2019.
    DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2019.02.010
19. И. М. Русских, “Исследовательский реактор ИВВ-2М”, Атомная энергия, тoм 121, нo. 4, стр. 183 – 186, 2016.(I. M. Russkikh, “Research Reactor IVV-2M,” Atomnaya Energiya, vol. 121, no. 4, pp. 183 – 186, 2016.)
    Retrieved from: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=27201105
    Retrieved on: Apr. 10, 2019
20. И. В. Прозорова, “Влияние отравления бериллиевых блоков на нейтронно-физические характеристики реактора ИВГ.1М,” Известия томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов, тoм. 326, нo. 2, стр. 148 – 155, 2015. (I. V. Prozorova, “The effect of poisoning of beryllium blocks on the neutron-physical characteristics of the IVG.1M reactor,” Izvestiya Tomskogo Politekhnicheskogo Universiteta. Inzhiniring Georesursov, vol. 326, no. 2, pp. 148 – 155, 2015.)
    Retrieved from: http://www.lib.tpu.ru/fulltext/v/Bulletin_TPU/2015/v326/i2/15.pdf
    Retrieved on: Apr. 11, 2019
21. С. Б. Злоказов и др., “Методические и инженерные подходы к производству изотопов на реакторе ИВВ-2М”, Атомная энергия, тoм 121, нo. 4, стр. 227 – 232, Oкт. 2016. (S. B. Zlokazov et al., “Methodological and engineering approaches to the production of isotopes at the IVV-2M reactor,” Atomnaya Energiya, vol. 121, no. 4, pp. 227 – 232, Oct. 2016.)
    Retrieved from: https://j-atomicenergy.ru/index.php/ae/article/view/461
    Retrieved on: Apr. 11, 2019