Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease that leads to impaired organ morphology and function, reducing patients’ quality of life and life expectancy and causing early disability. The challenges posed by diabetes itself have been studied with a particular focus on type II diabetes. Genetic predisposition, inadequate or insufficient insulin secretion, insulin resistance and increased body weight are the most important factors in the insulin-independent type of diabetes. This study aims to investigate to examine the impact of education on the quality of glycoregulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology of the Study. The study included patients with type II diabetes mellitus of both sexes who applied the principles of education to improve glycregulation. The analysis of the methods used to implement the training included information on the frequency and type of training provided. The study was conducted at the Diabetes Outreach Clinic of the General Hospital of Ćuprija. Results and Discussion. In this study, great attention was paid to the educational program itself, its presentation and the motivation of the patients themselves for the new knowledge and integration into their lifestyle habits. During the intensive implementation of the training, the respondents were constantly motivated to actively participate in the program, which led to good results and showed the way. By applying the educational principles in the self-control program, satisfactory glycoregulation and thus control of the disease was achieved. It has been shown that in addition to proper education of patients with diabetes, medical staff should also be continuously trained, because without thorough training of educators, patient education cannot be successful. By applying the principles of education and self-control, we have enabled patients with type II diabetes to integrate the disease into their personality, change their behavior, and accept all the limitations that such a life entails. The treatment itself requires a multidisciplinary approach in which the principles of self-control and education are adapted to the individual. Conclusion. The data obtained in this way could contribute to the appropriate planning and implementation of educational programs aimed at achieving the best possible quality of life for people with type II diabetes. There is no single model, but the basis of this model is based on lifestyle modification that includes dietary correction with dosed physical activity, appropriate treatment, and regular health checks to prevent chronic complications and the development of early disability. The frequency and type of education provided has a significant impact on achieving optimal quality of glycoregulation and correcting metabolic and cardiovascular disorders

1. R. A. DeFronzo et al., “Type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers, vol. 1, 15019, Aug. 2015.
   DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.19
   PMid: 27189025
2. Global report on diabetes, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2016.
   Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565257
   Retrieved on: Apr. 2, 2026
3. Y. Zheng, S. H. Ley, F. B. Hu, “Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications,” Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 88 – 98, Feb. 2018.
   DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.151
   PMid: 29219149
4. N. A. ElSayed et al., “Introduction and Methodology: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2023,” Diabetes Care, vol. 46, suppl. 1, pp. S1 – S4, Jan. 2023.
   DOI: 10.2337/dc23-Sint
   PMid: 36507647
   PMCid: PMC9810461
5. F. B. Hu, “Globalization of diabetes: The role of diet, lifestyle, and genes,” Diabetes Care, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1249 – 1257, Jun. 2011.
   DOI: 10.2337/dc11-0442
   PMid: 21617109
   PMCid: PMC3114340
6. I. I. Dedov et al., “Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the adult Russian population (NATION study),” Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., vol. 115, pp. 90 – 95, May 2016.
   DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.02.010
   PMid: 27107818
7. M. Uusitupa et al., “Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes by Lifestyle Changes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Nutrients, vol. 11, no. 11, 2611, Nov. 2019.
   DOI: 10.3390/nu11112611
   PMid: 31683759
   PMCid: PMC6893436
8. M. V. Z. Huang et al., “Medication management support in diabetes: a systematic assessment of diabetes self-management apps,” BMC Med., vol. 17, no. 1, 127, Jul. 2019.
   DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1362-1
   PMid: 31311573
   PMCid: PMC6636047
9. D. Katanić, S. Pavlović, “Genetski faktori i rizik od razvoja dijabetesa melitusa tipa 2,” Med. Glas. (Zenica), tom 26, br. 1, str. 45 – 54, 2021.
   (D. Katanic, S. Pavlovic, “Genetic factors and the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2,” Med. Glas. (Zenica), vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 45 – 54, 2021.)
   Retrieved from: http://www.medglasnik.ba/article/
   Retrieved on: Apr. 2, 2026
10. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th ed., IDF, Brussels, Belgium, 2021.
    Retrieved from: https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition/
    Retrieved on: Apr. 2, 2026
11. M. I. McCarthy, “Genomics, type 2 diabetes, and obesity,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 363, no. 24, pp. 2339 – 2350, Dec. 2010.
    DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0906948
    PMid: 21142536
12. R. B. Prasad, L. Groop, “Genetics of type 2 diabetes—pitfalls and possibilities,” Genes, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 87 – 123, Mar. 2015.
    DOI: 10.3390/genes6010087
    PMid: 25774817
    PMCid: PMC4377835
13. M. M. Jovanović, “Etiopatogeneza insulin-nezavisnog dijabetesa,” u Šećerna bolest, M. M. Jovanović, B. S. Matiljević, Urednici, Kragujevac, Srbija: Prizma, 1998, str. 81 – 106.
    (M. M. Jovanović, “Etiopatogenesis of insulin-independent diabetes,” in Diabetes, M. M. Jovanović, B. S. Matiljević, Eds., Kragujevac, Serbia: Prizma, 1998, pp. 81 – 106.)
14. H. P. Himsworth, “Diabetes mellitus: its differentiation into insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types,” Lancet, vol. 227, no. 5864, pp. 127 – 130, Jan. 1936.
    DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)36134-2
15. S. E. Kahn, R. L. Hull, K. M. Utzschneider, “Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes,” Nature, vol. 444, no. 7121, pp. 840 – 846, Dec. 2006.
    DOI: 10.1038/nature05482
    PMid: 17167471
16. J. R. Zierath, A. Krook, H. Wallberg-Henriksson, “Insulin action in skeletal muscle from patients with NIDDM,” Mol. Cell. Biochem., vol. 182, no. 1 – 2, pp. 153 – 160, Apr. 1998.
    DOI: 10.1023/A:1006861628496
    PMid: 9609124
17. D. E. James, M. Strube, M. Mueckler, “Molecular cloning and characterization of an insulin-regulatable glucose transporter,” Nature, vol. 338, no. 6210, pp. 83 – 87, Mar. 1989.
    DOI: 10.1038/338083a0
    PMid: 2645527
18. A. Chadt, H. Al-Hasani, “Glucose transporters in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle in metabolic health and disease,” Pflugers Arch., vol. 472, no. 9, pp. 1273 – 1298, Sep. 2020.
    DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02417-x
    PMid: 32591906
    PMCid: PMC7462924
19. E. D. Abel et al., “Adipose-selective targeting of the GLUT4 gene impairs insulin action in muscle and liver,” Nature, vol. 409, no. 6821, pp. 729 – 733, Feb. 2001.
    DOI: 10.1038/35055575
    PMid: 11217863
20. B. Thorens, M. Mueckler, “Glucose transporters in the 21st Century,” Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 298, no. 2, pp. E141 – E145, Feb. 2010.
    DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00712.2009
    PMid: 20009031
    PMCid: PMC2822486
21. M. Brownlee, “Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications,” Nature, vol. 414, no. 6865, pp. 813 – 820, Dec. 2001.
    DOI: 10.1038/414813a
    PMid: 11742414
22. P. Zimmet, K. G. M. M. Alberti, J. Shaw, “Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic,” Nature, vol. 414, no. 6865, pp. 782 – 787, Dec. 2001.
    DOI: 10.1038/414782a
    PMid: 11742409
23. A. R. Saltiel, J. M. Olefsky, “Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease,” J. Clin. Invest., vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 1 – 4, Jan. 2017.
    DOI: 10.1172/JCI92035
    PMid: 28045402
    PMCid: PMC5199709
24. M. M. Jovanović, Aktivan život s dijabetesom, Kragujevac, Srbija: Prizma, 2009, str. 7 – 15.
    (M. M. Jovanovic, Active life with diabetes, Kragujevac, Serbia: Prizma, 2009, pp. 7 – 15.)
25. Diabetes Education Survey Report 2008, IDF, Brussels, Belgium, 2008.
    Retrieved from: https://idf.org/
    Retrieved on: Apr. 2, 2026
26. S. L. Norris, M. M. Engelgau, K. M. V. Narayan, “Effectiveness of self-management training in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials,” Diabetes Care, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 561 – 587, Mar. 2001.
    DOI: 10.2337/diacare.24.3.561
    PMid: 11289485
27. A. Sampath Kumar et al., “Exercise and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med., vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 98 – 103, Mar. 2019.
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2018.11.001
    PMid: 30553010
28. C. Ruijgrok et al., “Reducing postprandial glucose in dietary intervention studies and the magnitude of the effect on diabetes-related risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Eur. J. Nutr., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 259 – 273, Feb. 2021.
    DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02240-1
    PMid: 32277270
    PMCid: PMC7867534
29. Z. Gvozdanović et al., “Diet education as a success factor of glycemia regulation in diabetes patients: a prospective study,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 16, no. 20, 4003, Oct. 2019.
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16204003
    PMid: 31635047
    PMCid: PMC6843948
30. A. Vavitis, I. A. Anastasiou, D. Kounatidis, E. Rebelos, N. Tentolouris, “Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is a strong predictor of glycemic and lipidemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes: an observational study from a tertiary hospital in Greece,” Nutrients, vol. 18, no. 2, 285, Jan. 2026.
    DOI: 10.3390/nu18020285
    PMid: 41599898
    PMCid: PMC12845472
31. M. J. Davies et al., “Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self-management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial,” BMJ, vol. 336, no. 7642, pp. 491 – 495, Feb. 2008.
    DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39474.922025.BE
    PMid: 18276664
    PMCid: PMC2258400
32. T. C. Skinner et al., “Diabetes education and self-management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND): process modelling of pilot study,” Patient Educ. Couns., vol. 64, no. 1 – 3, pp. 369 – 377, Dec. 2006.
    DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2006.04.007
    PMid: 17011154
33. L. Haas et al., “National standards for diabetes self-management education and support,” Diabetes Care, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 2393 – 2401, Nov. 2012.
    DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1707
    PMid: 22995096
    PMCid: PMC3476915
34. M. M. Funnell, R. M. Anderson, “Empowerment and self-management of diabetes,” Clin. Diabetes, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 123 – 127, Jul. 2004.
    DOI: 10.2337/diaclin.22.3.123
35. S. R. Shrivastava, P. S. Shrivastava, J. Ramasamy, “Role of self-care in management of diabetes mellitus,” J. Diabetes Metab. Disord., vol. 12, no. 1, 14, Feb. 2013.
    DOI: 10.1186/2251-6581-12-14
    PMid: 23497559
    PMCid: PMC3599009